Personal journey into CPTED - A planner's story

Marriott Bessborough hotel - historical landmark in downtown Saskatoon, Canada

by Elisabeth Miller

As a SafeGrowth advocate and senior urban planner in one of Canada’s major cities, Elisabeth Miller was one of the first Canadian planners to apply CPTED to her everyday work. She is an ICCP-certified CPTED professional with the International CPTED Association and an executive board member of that organization. She is an author of the book SafeGrowth, and a consultant to cities across Canada, the US, and Australia. She helped establish Saskatoon as the first city in Canada to adopt both CPTED and SafeGrowth as administrative policy. This is her story.

I am always curious when I meet other CPTED professionals or practitioners, what their background is, and how they arrived at incorporating CPTED into their professional work. CPTED, especially Second Generation and Third Generation CPTED, speaks to my heart and I can see how proper and inclusive application of CPTED would be helpful to any community. 

I first heard of CPTED at a British Columbia conference about 25 years ago in the mid-90s. It sounded very interesting and an excellent way to help make my community safe. Shortly after this conference in 1996, I attended a 5-day training on CPTED, a course that taught both 1st and 2nd Generation CPTED. I was hooked!

Elisabeth Miller - A personal story from her 25-year history
with urban planning and CPTED

My planning experience up to this point included neighbourhood planning and working directly with communities. Prior to that, I worked on municipal Concept and Sector plans, Land Use and Zoning Bylaws, and other policy related projects – activities that will be familiar to most urban planners. I believe I had a good variety of planning experiences.

The CPTED class was a very interesting combination of police (mostly police) with a few planners thrown in. It offered lectures, group work, site visits, buzz groups, and other problem-based learning activities to situate the learning in our brains. It was a very intense training environment – I loved every minute of it!

Once trained, my task was clear: Implementation!

And THAT was a big deal.

IMPLEMENTATION IS THE KEY

Fortunately, I had a very supportive manager. He also saw the benefit of including CPTED in the way we planned our city and encouraged me to include it wherever I could. So, I included it everywhere! I did not ask, I just included it and decided if the powers that be pushed back then I would deal with it then. 

I added knowledge of CPTED to job descriptions, reviewed plans and commented even if I wasn’t asked. I crafted an “elevator speech” to use on senior management and City Councillors whenever I had a captured audience in the elevator, and I brought various departments to work together to review civic projects.  The idea was, I help you and you help me.

Today, CPTED designs show up throughout Saskatoon
- in this case at the downtown transit center

Working together worked well for all. We decided it might be time to make this a formal part of a planning review, but how should we do this? It meant working with all the different departments that would be involved or who would benefit from a CPTED review. As a corporation, the City of Saskatoon made a conscious decision to start with our own civic projects before moving on to the private sector. This was a very interesting and challenging process.

I interviewed every departmental, divisional, or section manager responsible for projects that would benefit from the application of the principles of CPTED. That was almost a full-time job for a few months. Some were informed, others worried about added time, and there was a small group that really did not care. It was all part of the story that I uncovered. The next step was to get the private developers on board!

We met with local land developers to ensure they understood the process and that it would not cost them more time or money. That led to the establishment of The City of Saskatoon CPTED Review Committee.

Saskatoon's design guideline book provided for urban designers

In 2008 we created a formal administrative policy identifying what would be reviewed, who would do the reviews, and when they would be reviewed. The whole journey took years to accomplish and nowadays the Neighbourhood Safety section looks after the CPTED Review Committee as well as a number of other programs and activities that incorporate the principles of CPTED. 

Over the past 20 years, we managed to offer CPTED (and now SafeGrowth) training to over 400 staff members and others from the community. I believe that Saskatoon today is a safer city due to the work done by the Neighbourhood Safety section and the incorporation of CPTED and SafeGrowth into the planning process.

So, to my professional planning colleagues and other urban designers, the next time you notice someone excited to find out you are a planner at a CPTED activity or conference, it’s probably me. Say hello!

A terrible loss - mass murder in James Smith Cree Nation

Unfolding news coverage of the Saskatchewan mass murder
- headline from screenshot  

by Tarah Hodgkinson

In the wake of the tragic mass murder in James Smith Cree Nation, Saskatchewan, we would be remiss not to take this time to offer our heartfelt condolences to this community. 

On Sunday night, two men went on a stabbing spree, killing 10 people and harming over 15 others in the small community just east of Prince Albert. This is one of Canada’s worst mass murders and a terrifying experience for this First Nations community. 

Police found one suspect dead while the other remains at large and suspected to be somewhere in Regina at the time of posting this blog.

The Canadian prairie province of Saskatchewan contains a number of First Nations
communities populated by North American indigenous peoples.
James Smith Cree Nation is one of those communities.

This incident is absolutely heartbreaking. Not only for the community, but for the country as we wait for the suspect to be caught and for justice for the victims’ families. 

Saskatchewan is a special place for all of us in SafeGrowth. We have been working with the city of Saskatoon for over 15 years building the SafeGrowth network. Mateja and I worked with SafeGrowth advocate and senior Saskatoon planner Elisabeth Miller in that city’s planning department. 

We have partnered with North Battleford on their crime issues and on building community cohesion.  Many of us have spent time working throughout the province and connecting with the wonderful and committed people who live there. 

Saskatchewan is well known for its beautiful scenery and
spectacular northern lights. Mass murders are extremely rare.
The last mass murder was over 50 years ago.

That is why tragic news emerging from the James Smith Cree Nation reservation, a community only a hundred miles north of the city of Saskatoon resonates with members of our team. We have not been to the James Smith Cree Nation, but we know that the pain and suffering from this mass murder must be devastating to those communities and the victims.

TOGETHERNESS IN TRAGEDY

We have written extensively in this blog about how public events and celebrations, like farmer’s markets and fireworks, can bring people together. We have documented the cohesive power of local events and community markets and gardens.

We have described how exceptional events can mobilize people, such as the New Zealand earthquake in 2011 or during extreme weather events.

And so, we know that this devastating event is going to have the same impact as other collective events. It will bring the people of Saskatchewan together. Together to find the assailant and fight for justice. Together to mourn and rebuild. 

And we will be with them. Every step of the way. 

POSTSCRIPT

A final sad note a day after we posted this blog: News from police in Saskatchewan report today that the remaining suspect in this mass murder was arrested and transported to hospital where he died from "medical distress".  

Acoustic Gunshot Detection Tech - the good, the bad, & the ugly

by Mateja Mihinjac

I’ve recently come across a report titled “ShotSpotter and the Misfires of Gunshot Detection Technology” by the STOP Surveillance Technology Project.

The report is extremely critical of this Acoustic Gunshot Detection Technology (AGDT) suggesting it offers little operational value for the police and it can prove detrimental with serious ethical caveats.

How bad is this technology really? 

SHOTSPOTTER®

ShotSpotter Inc. has been on the market for 20 years and it is the leading AGDT on the market used by over 200 police jurisdictions worldwide, with at least 130 of those from the US. 

ShotSpotter prides itself with the slogan: “Right place, right time. Precision policing solutions that help save lives, solve cases and deter crime – making communities safer.”

AGDT technology starts with microphones mounted above
the city on buildings and other tall structures

ShotSpotter combines narrow AI with human experts to identify and locate gunshot events and their location in the neighbourhoods where it’s been installed. Its detection system comprises microphones placed on streetlights, buildings and utility poles, and audio software that compares the sounds with prior gunshot events in its database. The system triangulates the location of the sound that is further reviewed by a human sound analyst who alerts the police should they determine the sound actually derives from a gunshot. 

THE GOOD

Company reports, and some technology reviews, offer that it detects shootings that would go unreported, locates gunshots for quick police response, and improves the arrest rates of suspects. This all leads to preventing gun violence and enhanced neighbourhood safety.

THE BAD

The evidence suggests that many of the above claims can be disputed. For example, while quasi-experimental studies indicated over 80% accuracy in detection and triangulation, other studies show the AGDT works poorly in detecting gunshots and, instead, it suffers from what researchers call “false positives” (it gets it wrong). 

Chicago’s Office of Inspector General review found that only 9.1% of probable gunshot alerts out of 50,000 records over a 17-month period resulted in evidence of a gun-related offence.

While we sleep at night, it listens for gunshots from roof-mounted
listening devices - what could go wrong?

These studies conclude that AGDT may actually be ineffective and inaccurate and can thus waste police resources. None of that mentions the cost, (Chicago paid $33 million for 2 years of service).

As well, there are poor outcomes on firearm offence reduction and shooting victims’ medical outcomes two years following the installation. Thus, it did not lead to gun violence deterrence as anticipated.

Most alarming was whether ShotSpotter evidence should be used in court. The company has previously admitted to altering the records and reclassifying the sounds that were initially not detected and determined as gunshots but were later reclassified as such based on police reports. While this may be occasionally warranted, at other times it may lead to the misuse of data and misrepresentation of the evidence on the side of the law enforcement agencies.  

THE UGLY

AGDT can lead the local community to become disengaged and stop reporting gunshots because they believe the technology will handle that for them. In St Louis, for example, citizen-initiated reports of gunshots before the installation of ShotSpotter were 7 times more useful than AGDT and wasted less police time. Following the installation, citizen reports significantly decreased and decreased further when the system was expanded.  

AGDT is predominantly deployed in poorer and majority Black and Latinx neighbourhoods commonly identified as hotspots for shootings and violence. While there might be more shooting incidents in those neighbourhoods, this automatically means AGDT will detect more shooting incidents in those specific neighbourhoods rather than in other neighbourhoods where it is not deployed. This might perpetuate the problem of over-policing and racial bias in communities of colour. 

Evaluations of AGDT shows problems with "false positives"
- it turns out the city can be a noisy place

There is a similar problem with another narrow AI program called predictive policing where there are reports of racial discrimination and over-policing and the additional concern of “tech washing”.

Despite ShotSpotter’s claim that the sensors cannot record private conversations, there are increasing concerns of the microphones recording regular conversations and acting as a “massive eavesdropping device”.

In one case, such a private conversation in a public space was intercepted and admitted into evidence in a murder trial court case.

Currently, there appear to be no regulations that would prevent ShotSpotter from sharing stored audio recordings.

SafeGrowth works directly with community residents in collaboration with the police to plan their own safety strategies

SMARTER APPROACHES

After two decades, the results of AGDT implementation continue to show few positive effects. In fact, some results are detrimental to effective police work, police-community relationships and community safety.

The evidence suggests that police leaders should err on the side of caution and turn towards approaches for addressing gun-related violence that have a better track record.

One example: combining neighbourhood policing and problem-oriented policing to build police-community relationships, act proactively, and approach the problem at its core. 

Another that we obviously recommend is SafeGrowth. This blueprint for neighbourhood safety planning helps residents help themselves, in partnership with police and using the latest in crime prevention. SafeGrowth provides a platform to help address gun-related violence and other crime and safety problems. 

The documented success story in the New Orlean’s gun-violent neighbourhood of Hollygrove is only one example of how neighbours disrupted gun violence. 

Sometimes the most effective solutions are not technology, they are human-based and neighbourhood friendly. That, we believe, is a future we all want. 

Reducing Zone 2 crime - The power of art co-ops

Denver Art Society Co-op in the heart of Denver's Santa Fe arts district
- photo Denver Art Society

by Gregory Saville

In last week’s blog, Tarah discussed the crime theory called concentric zones, that she lives in what feels like a Zone 2 city (Hamilton, Canada),  and how that theory predicts why crime clusters in Zone 2 areas around the central city. 

The question is what can be done about it. Some believe a Zone 2 high crime neighborhood will always be a high crime neighborhood. Experienced practitioners in crime prevention and community development know that is nonsense.

First, we know that carefully planned redevelopment can transform a high-crime neighborhood back from the brink. The CDC movement (community development corporations) is the lighthouse for redevelopment, such as the work of Philadelphia’s HACE organization and the work of the redevelopment corporation, LISC. The book Comeback Cities shows us how that is done.

True, that usually involves multi-year investments, big money, and long-term development. But there are other ways. 

Art murals appearing near Denver Art Society

NEVER THE FECKLESS

What does an art gallery have to do with creating livable places and cutting crime? Why should people looking to create safe places really care about an art gallery? If that gallery is part of the co-operative movement, it is worth a closer look.

When the urban writer Jane Jacobs wrote about safe places in her landmark book “The Death and Life of Great American Cities” she was, above all, talking about the social life of streets and how, exactly, those streets actually work. She wrote: 

“It may be that we have become so feckless as a people that we no longer care how things do work, but only what kind of quick, easy outer impression they give.”

If you look carefully at how co-operatives work, you will see why we should care and support them.

Denver city has now begun expanded streetscaping for better walkability

DENVER ART SOCIETY

Today co-ops are everywhere. The Denver Art Society (DAS) is such a co-op. A dozen years old, it comprises over 100 artists and musicians who teach, perform and sell their own art in the arts district of Denver. DAS is the epicenter of the Denver Santa Fe arts district with music shows, art displays, and classes. After a decade of operation, it has spurred the creation of other interesting businesses and street artifacts. For example, the city has begun streetscaping Santa Fe and local murals and cultural centers line the street. 

Like most co-ops, DAS is run by volunteer members who conduct community outreach to the neighborhood and also to local schools. They teach inexpensive art and music classes for burgeoning creatives. They have helped the homeless find a roof or a place of refuge. They beautify alleyways with mural painting events. When you understand how they actually work, art gallery coops are not a quick fix. They take time and can be complicated, often convoluted, undertakings. But, work they do. 

Primetime Emmy Award nominee, Kevin Nealon, Saturday Night Live comedian, on the DAS stage speaking at a free session about his art 

I admit a personal bias toward the Denver Art Society since my band MOOSGH was born there, our recording studio is based at DAS. There is still some theft, homelessness, and a few other problems in the area. But there is no doubt, from what the DAS founders and former residents describe, that this neighborhood is a FAR better place today than a decade ago. Police crime stats show the DAS neighborhood has a crime rate four times lower than the nearby CBD or the adjacent Capitol Hill neighborhood. 

As Jane Jacobs taught us many years ago, when people love a place, they end up looking after it. Co-ops help nurture that process. DAS has been doing that for years.

Nearby cultural center across from DAS. Cultural activities can
transform Zone 2 neighborhoods

CO-OPS - TRANSFORMING ZONE 2 AREAS

I have witnessed the co-op open gallery idea transform other Zone 2 neighborhoods in other cities. When you know the mechanics of how a neighborhood actually works, you can see why local co-ops are great Third Places - the very thing that prevent Zone 2 high crime hotspots from emerging. They are the kind of place that downtown Denver needs more than ever. All self-respecting urban planners, urban politicians, and crime prevention practitioners must study, learn, and adopt Third Places in their plans. 

The co-operative movement began with Welshman Robert Own in the 1800s, a wealthy cotton manufacturer who believed in creating livable communities for his workers. He helped them create a co-operative store so workers could lift themselves out of poverty by growing their own food, making and selling their own clothes, and otherwise working together to better their lives. 

It’s time city planners, decision-makers and criminologists paid more attention to the co-op movement.

Living in zone 2 - a Steel City in transition

On the street in Hamilton, Ontario

by Tarah Hodgkinson  

When we came back to Canada, we wanted to live somewhere affordable and close to work. But we also wanted to live in a city. I love city life. The different cultures of each neighbourhood, the density, the people, and the food options!

So, we chose Hamilton. It met all of our criteria. And importantly, the people felt real. I had lived in beautiful, but gentrified, cities like Vancouver and Brisbane. They were clean, beautiful, and had great amenities, but also expensive and exclusive.

Hamilton felt different. There were people from all walks of life here. It felt genuine. But Hamilton is also a city in transition. When we think about areas in transition, many criminologists or sociologists will be reminded of crime theories of social disorganization and concentric zones.

URBAN CRIME THEORY

In the early 1900s, criminologists Robert Park and Ernest Burgess outlined 5 concentric zones that made up city life in Chicago. These went from a zone surrounding the central business district (zone 1) all the way to the commuter zone in the wealthy suburbs (zone 5). Some zones, they said, were more vulnerable to crime.

Zone 2 neighbourhoods are in transition

Zone 2 was the zone in transition. This zone surrounded the central business district, and usually housed new immigrants or the poor as they could not afford to live anywhere but right beside the factories. When they made enough money, they would transition out of the area. This meant that there was very little cohesion and informal control in this zone, and as a result, this zone had the most crime.

Looking around Hamilton, the entire city feels like zone 2. Now, of course, there are areas that are beautiful and thriving. But having spoken to people working across the city, we’ve learned that Hamilton has fallen on hard times. COVID hit hard. People lost jobs and businesses. Poverty and homelessness are obvious and rampant. Mental health issues are evident everywhere. People here are struggling.

Hamilton feels like a Zone 2 city

Hamilton, like many of its struggling working-class city counterparts, is a manufacturing city.  The waterfront is lined with factories and 60% of the manufacturing is steel. But major employers like Stelco, have gone belly-up. And like Detroit and other manufacturing communities, Hamilton was hit hard by these major job losses.

SIGNS OF CHANGE

But there are also signs of change. Hamilton has been labeled Toronto’s “Brooklyn,” as many Torontonians are leaving the big city for more affordable housing (though it is still inaccessible to most people in the city) and funky and alternative places that support local art, food, and people (see Ottawa Street).

If there is one thing we’ve learned from places like Brooklyn though, the people of Hamilton are going to have to be careful to maintain an affordable and connected community. While it might seem easier to wait for external money to make Hamilton a suburb of Toronto, doing so would spell trouble for the people who live here now. Housing needs to stay affordable. Social services need to be improved for those who are struggling. 

As we have learned from working with folks from zones in transition around the world, one of the first steps down that path is by empowering neighbourhoods through methodologies like SafeGrowth. Like other zones in transition, Hamilton residents will need to take action to not only improve their community but also keep the things that make it great.  We can’t wait to see what happens next. 

Defund the police? Absurd! Re-fund and reframe? Absolutely!

State Capitol Building, South Dakota. The Law Enforcement Training Academy is a national leader in police instructor certification in problem-based learning.
Photo Travel South Dakota

GUEST BLOG: Gerard Cleveland is a school and youth violence prevention expert and an attorney based in Australia. He is co-author of Swift Pursuit: A Career Survival Guide for the Federal Officer. He is a frequent contributor to this blog, most recently regarding policing and drones. 

PROBLEM-SOLVERS, NOT CALL RESPONDERS

No one serious about public safety would advocate for the abolishment of our police agencies. We need them in times of emergency, as well as to investigate and solve community crime and disorder problems. However, we do need to have a serious discussion about what we want our police agencies to focus on in the next few decades.

Greg Saville and I just finished teaching a two-week problem-solving class called Problem-Based Learning for Police Educators at the Law Enforcement Training Academy in South Dakota with a wonderful group of dedicated and talented police and public service participants. Much of the course focused on ‘what next’ and we had senior police and sheriff executives, graduates from our previous classes, visit to tell us that as our communities change, so too must our public service agencies.

During all our training courses, we challenge police and community leaders to answer some key questions they will face in the years ahead, two of which include the metaverse and artificial intelligence.

The theoretical and futuristic cyberspace called the "metaverse" poses powerful challenges to policing

THE METAVERSE

If you are serving in a public role – in any agency – what plans and training have you undertaken to deal with issues in the metaverse? As that virtual area of our lives grows and becomes part of our daily activities, what role will police need to take?  If you are not sure that you need to address this issue yet, consider how much catching up policing agencies had to do with the arrival of crime on the web – especially the dark web – only a few decades ago. We do not want to be in the same position of catching up with technology as the metaverse extends its reach into our daily lives.

As well, what does your team know about the enhanced capabilities of privately owned drones? Many of our class members had never considered that the new threat of crime may be delivered via mini drones to your neighbourhoods. Their experience with drones generally extended to using police drones to clear buildings or watch traffic patterns, but almost no planning had been done to deal with drones being used for nefarious purposes by criminals. Greg describes one of the high-crime hotspots where his team brought SafeGrowth programming but then learned that the neighbourhood gang used drones to monitor police patrols.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 

Finally, how does your agency plan to address the development and growth of Artificial Intelligence (AI)? While AI will provide positive support for us in so many ways in medicine, engineering, traffic control, predictive policing, and a multitude of other ways, how have you begun to prepare – as parts of Asia have, for AI attacks on our infrastructure, our computers and even the vehicles we drive and the machines we operate?  

If you find yourself scratching your head wondering, “what do I do next?” we have a suggestion. Firstly, form some small groups with your police and community members and investigate and discuss what you can expect in the next 10 years from the above developments. Secondly, and most importantly, train your people to be problem solvers and thinkers, not reactive, call responders.  

But that last sentence is much harder than it sounds. We’ve been trying to change police training for the past two decades with limited success. I suspect that unless we reframe and fund strategies to address future trends, our current model of warrior responder will suddenly be quite irrelevant except in limited circumstances in the late 2020s and beyond.